Approaches Reshaping Software Development are revolutionizing the way we build and deploy software. Can you imagine accelerating your software development process while simultaneously improving efficiency and quality? The dream is now a reality!
Interest: With Agile, DevOps, and Containerization, you have an arsenal at your disposal. Agile makes your development process nimble and customer-centric. DevOps bridges the gap between development and operations, streamlining deployment and monitoring. Containerization, a cutting-edge technology, packages your application and its dependencies into a single object which can be effortlessly transported between environments.
Desire: Picture your organization riding on the wave of these transformative approaches, delivering products at an unprecedented pace, with scalability and high performance. Your clients will be in awe of the seamless user experience, while your team relishes the streamlined development process.
Action: Don’t let this opportunity slip through your fingers. Dive into this comprehensive guide to understand the intricate workings of Agile, DevOps, and Containerization, and discover how you can integrate them into your development cycle. Your ultimate guide to mastering the future of software development awaits!
Definition of software developmentSoftware development is a multifaceted process that involves the conceptualization, design, coding, testing, and maintenance of software applications. According to Statista, the software market revenue was expected to reach $507 billion in 2021. Software can range from simple scripts to complex systems like operating systems and enterprise applications. This industry has been undergoing numerous changes over the years, especially with the advent of innovative technologies and methodologies.
The importance of evolving approaches in software developmentAs the demands of the digital world evolve, so does the necessity for software development approaches that can keep pace. The importance of adopting newer methodologies is multi-fold. Firstly, it leads to increased efficiency and reduced development cycles. According to a 2018 report by the Project Management Institute, organizations that undervalue project management as a strategic competency for driving change, report an average of 50% more of their projects failing outright. A structured and modern approach ensures alignment with user requirements, which are constantly changing. Secondly, evolving approaches in software development facilitate scalability and ease of maintenance. They also play a crucial role in ensuring security, which is a growing concern in the digital era.
Brief introduction of the 3 types of approaches covered in the articleIn this article, we will be exploring three cutting-edge approaches that have been pivotal in reshaping the landscape of software development:
In the following sections, we will delve deeper into each of these approaches, explore their historical context, principles, benefits, real-world applications, and look at case studies where they have been successfully implemented.
Introduction to AgileAgile Methodology is a set of practices in software development that emphasizes flexibility, collaboration, and customer satisfaction. Unlike traditional approaches such as Waterfall, Agile embraces change and aims for continuous improvement in product quality and processes. According to a report from PwC, Agile projects are 28% more successful than traditional projects. It is customer-centric and ensures that the product developed is in alignment with customer needs and expectations. The Agile approach is iterative, meaning that the product is developed and improved in increments with continuous feedback from stakeholders.
History of Agile DevelopmentThe term “Agile” was coined in 2001 when 17 software developers gathered at Snowbird, Utah to discuss lightweight development methods. They came up with the Agile Manifesto, which is a declaration of four values and twelve principles. However, the history of Agile Development predates this manifesto. Various lightweight software development methods, now known as Agile, were used in the early 1990s. For example, Scrum was first implemented in 1993, and Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM) was released in 1994. The unification of these under the Agile Manifesto was a pivotal moment in software development history.
Principles of Agile DevelopmentThe twelve principles of Agile Development that were outlined in the Agile Manifesto are crucial to understanding Agile. These principles emphasize customer satisfaction, welcome changing requirements, frequent delivery of working software, collaboration between business stakeholders and developers, support and trust in individuals, face-to-face communication, working software as a primary measure of progress, sustainable development, technical excellence, simplicity, self-organizing teams, and regular reflection for adjustment.
Agile Frameworks (Scrum, Kanban, etc.)There are various Agile frameworks that are adaptations of the Agile philosophy. The two most popular are Scrum and Kanban.
Benefits of Agile in Software DevelopmentAgile methodology brings numerous benefits to software development. It improves product quality by breaking the development process into manageable units, allowing for more focused development. According to the 14th State of Agile Report, 70% of the organizations have experienced improved team morale after implementing Agile. It provides greater customer satisfaction due to regular interaction and feedback. Agile offers increased collaboration and ownership among team members, accommodates changes efficiently, and ensures faster time to market.
Case Study: How Company X successfully implemented Agile MethodologySpotify, the Swedish music streaming giant, is a prime example of successful Agile implementation. Initially, Spotify used Scrum, but as they grew, they adapted it into what is known as the Spotify model. This model breaks down the company into squads, tribes, chapters, and guilds. Each squad is like a mini-startup and is responsible for a specific feature. Tribes are groups of squads that work in related areas. Chapters are competency areas, and guilds are interest-based groups. Through this model, Spotify has been able to maintain its agility despite being a large organization. They have been able to continuously deliver new features and adapt to the fast-changing music industry.
Introduction to DevOpsDevOps is an amalgamation of two critical components in software development - Development (Dev) and Operations (Ops). It is a set of practices, principles, and tools that improves collaboration and communication between software developers and IT operations teams. The primary objective of DevOps is to shorten the system development life cycle, enhance deployment frequency, and provide more dependable releases, in close alignment with business objectives. According to a study by Statista, in 2020, 74% of companies adopted DevOps to some degree, which is indicative of its growing relevance and impact.
The relationship between Development and OperationsHistorically, Development and Operations teams operated in silos. Developers focused on writing code and adding features, whereas Operations teams were concerned with stability and uptime. This often led to conflicts, especially when deploying new releases. DevOps bridges this gap by creating a culture where both teams work together throughout the software development life cycle. This collaborative approach ensures that software can be reliably released at any time and at a faster pace, addressing both the new features and the stability of the environment.
Key practices in DevOps
Tools for implementing DevOps (Jenkins, Docker, etc.)There is an array of tools that facilitate the implementation of DevOps.
Benefits of DevOps in streamlining software developmentDevOps significantly streamlines software development. The DORA State of DevOps Report indicates that high-performing DevOps teams have 208 times more frequent code deployments and 106 times faster lead time from commit to deploy. It enhances collaboration and eliminates silos. It ensures faster development cycles, which is crucial in the current market where demands change rapidly. DevOps also reduces failure rates of new releases and offers faster recovery in case an issue arises. This methodology provides a significant competitive edge by ensuring faster time-to-market without compromising quality.
Case Study: A closer look at Company Y’s transition to DevOpsOne of the companies that successfully transitioned to DevOps is Amazon. Before 2009, Amazon's development team faced various challenges, including slow release cycles. They adopted a modified version of DevOps and implemented AWS, their cloud service. They also re-architectured their applications using a microservices model. By doing so, they transformed their software delivery process. Today, Amazon deploys code every 11.7 seconds on average. This has not only accelerated their release cycles but also helped in scaling their services globally, maintaining high availability, and rapidly adapting to the market demands.
Introduction to ContainerizationContainerization is a lightweight alternative to full machine virtualization that involves encapsulating an application in a container with its own operating environment. This is a highly efficient means to deploy and run software reliably when moved between different computing environments. According to a report by Datadog, around 25% of companies have adopted Docker, a containerization tool, indicating the technology's significance in modern software development.
How Containers workContainers work by allowing multiple applications to share the same OS kernel while running in isolated user spaces. This is in contrast to virtual machines (VMs), which require an entire OS for each application. Containers include the application and all its dependencies, but share the kernel with other containers. They run as an isolated process and do not require any separate operating system. Due to this shared architecture, containers are more lightweight and start much faster than VMs.
Introduction to Microservices ArchitectureMicroservices Architecture is a design pattern where an application is structured as a collection of loosely coupled services. Instead of a monolithic design, where all functionalities are in a single codebase, microservices break it down into multiple components. Each component serves a specific functionality and can be developed, deployed, and scaled independently.
Breaking Monoliths into MicroservicesTransitioning from a monolithic architecture to microservices involves breaking down the application into smaller, more manageable pieces. Each microservice should have a single responsibility. Start by identifying the functionalities that are most isolated and can be decoupled with minimal dependencies. Implement APIs for communication between the services. This transition might be incremental, where parts of the monolith are slowly replaced by microservices.
Tools for Containerization (Docker, Kubernetes)
Benefits of Microservices and Containerization in Software Development
According to a study by Camunda, 63% of companies using microservices have experienced faster innovation.
Case Study: Company Z’s journey from Monolithic to Microservices ArchitectureNetflix is an exemplary case of transitioning from a monolithic architecture to a microservices architecture. As they moved from being a DVD rental service to a global streaming service, the scale at which they operated changed significantly. They needed a highly scalable, global infrastructure. They broke down their monolithic application into hundreds of microservices. Each of these microservices could be deployed independently and communicated with others through APIs. They also heavily used containerization to ensure that their global services could be deployed efficiently. This transition allowed Netflix to scale globally and handle the enormous traffic that it receives every day efficiently.
Similarities and differences between Agile, DevOps, and ContainerizationAgile, DevOps, and Containerization are three key approaches that have revolutionized the way software is developed and delivered. While they have distinct characteristics, they are complementary and can be used in tandem.
Agile doesn't dictate any specific technology practices, while DevOps is more about the cultural shift and may involve various technologies like continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD). Containerization specifically deals with the technology and tools to package and deploy services.
Situational analysis: When to use which approachWhen deciding between Agile, DevOps, and Containerization, it’s essential to consider the specific requirements and constraints of your project.
In many cases, these approaches are not mutually exclusive and can be combined. For instance, integrating DevOps into an Agile framework can help in achieving faster development cycles and better collaboration between development, QA, and operations teams. Meanwhile, using containerization can further streamline this process by ensuring consistency and isolating applications in a shared operating system.
In conclusion, the choice between Agile, DevOps, and Containerization or a combination thereof should be guided by your project requirements, team capacities, and long-term goals.
In this extensive analysis of the approaches reshaping software development, we have examined the Agile Methodology, DevOps Integration, and Containerization with Microservices Architecture. These methodologies and technological advancements have significantly contributed to the evolution of software development practices.
Impact on the Software Development LandscapeThese approaches have made a remarkable impact on the software development landscape. Agile has introduced flexibility and adaptability to the development process. DevOps, on the other hand, has bridged the gap between development and operations, ensuring more streamlined and efficient development pipelines. Containerization has revolutionized the way applications are packaged and deployed, particularly in a microservices architecture. The combination of these approaches has given birth to more resilient, scalable, and high-performing applications. According to a report by Markets and Markets, the global DevOps market size is expected to grow from USD 3.4 billion in 2018 to USD 10.3 billion by 2023, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 24.7% during the forecast period, showcasing the significant impact these approaches have.
Looking to the FutureAs we look towards the future of software development, it is clear that these approaches will continue to evolve and possibly converge even further. Continuous innovation in these domains is crucial for tackling the ever-increasing complexity of modern applications. Technologies like AI and machine learning are beginning to play a role in automating and enhancing these approaches.
Final TakeawayIn conclusion, Agile, DevOps, and Containerization are not just trends but have become integral parts of the software development lifecycle. The ultimate choice between them or a hybrid approach should be dictated by the specific needs and constraints of the project. However, embracing these methodologies and continuously evolving with them is essential for organizations to stay competitive in the rapidly changing technological landscape.
As we wrap up, it is vital to recognize that the software development domain will never remain static. The continuous quest for efficiency, reliability, and performance will always drive innovation. Staying informed and adaptable is key, and the insights provided in this article aim to equip you with the knowledge to make informed decisions in your software development endeavors.
References
In this comprehensive article, we explored the approaches that are reshaping software development, delving into Agile Methodology, DevOps Integration, and Containerization with Microservices Architecture. For those who wish to explore these topics in more depth, or to verify the data and insights shared, this section provides a list of the sources consulted in the creation of this article.
Agile Methodology
DevOps Integration3. The Phoenix Project by Gene Kim, Kevin Behr, and George Spafford. This book is widely regarded as the seminal text for understanding DevOps culture, principles, and practices.
Containerization and Microservices Architecture5. Docker Overview. For detailed insights into the working of containers and Docker's role in containerization, Docker’s official documentation is an invaluable resource. Docker Documentation.
Market Growth7. DevOps Market - Global Forecast to 2023. This market research report by Markets and Markets provides detailed market analysis, forecasts, and trends related to the DevOps industry. Markets and Markets Report.
Container Orchestration8. Datadog: Containers Adoption. This page offers insights into container and orchestration adoption among companies. Datadog Containers Adoption.
These references are important sources of information that back the data and insights shared in this article. Whether you are an industry professional, a researcher, or someone new to software development approaches, these resources offer a wealth of information to further your understanding.
Approaches Reshaping Software Development are revolutionizing the way we build and deploy software. Can you imagine accelerating your software development process while simultaneously improving efficiency and quality? The dream is now a reality!
Interest: With Agile, DevOps, and Containerization, you have an arsenal at your disposal. Agile makes your development process nimble and customer-centric. DevOps bridges the gap between development and operations, streamlining deployment and monitoring. Containerization, a cutting-edge technology, packages your application and its dependencies into a single object which can be effortlessly transported between environments.
Desire: Picture your organization riding on the wave of these transformative approaches, delivering products at an unprecedented pace, with scalability and high performance. Your clients will be in awe of the seamless user experience, while your team relishes the streamlined development process.
Action: Don’t let this opportunity slip through your fingers. Dive into this comprehensive guide to understand the intricate workings of Agile, DevOps, and Containerization, and discover how you can integrate them into your development cycle. Your ultimate guide to mastering the future of software development awaits!
Definition of software developmentSoftware development is a multifaceted process that involves the conceptualization, design, coding, testing, and maintenance of software applications. According to Statista, the software market revenue was expected to reach $507 billion in 2021. Software can range from simple scripts to complex systems like operating systems and enterprise applications. This industry has been undergoing numerous changes over the years, especially with the advent of innovative technologies and methodologies.
The importance of evolving approaches in software developmentAs the demands of the digital world evolve, so does the necessity for software development approaches that can keep pace. The importance of adopting newer methodologies is multi-fold. Firstly, it leads to increased efficiency and reduced development cycles. According to a 2018 report by the Project Management Institute, organizations that undervalue project management as a strategic competency for driving change, report an average of 50% more of their projects failing outright. A structured and modern approach ensures alignment with user requirements, which are constantly changing. Secondly, evolving approaches in software development facilitate scalability and ease of maintenance. They also play a crucial role in ensuring security, which is a growing concern in the digital era.
Brief introduction of the 3 types of approaches covered in the articleIn this article, we will be exploring three cutting-edge approaches that have been pivotal in reshaping the landscape of software development:
In the following sections, we will delve deeper into each of these approaches, explore their historical context, principles, benefits, real-world applications, and look at case studies where they have been successfully implemented.
Introduction to AgileAgile Methodology is a set of practices in software development that emphasizes flexibility, collaboration, and customer satisfaction. Unlike traditional approaches such as Waterfall, Agile embraces change and aims for continuous improvement in product quality and processes. According to a report from PwC, Agile projects are 28% more successful than traditional projects. It is customer-centric and ensures that the product developed is in alignment with customer needs and expectations. The Agile approach is iterative, meaning that the product is developed and improved in increments with continuous feedback from stakeholders.
History of Agile DevelopmentThe term “Agile” was coined in 2001 when 17 software developers gathered at Snowbird, Utah to discuss lightweight development methods. They came up with the Agile Manifesto, which is a declaration of four values and twelve principles. However, the history of Agile Development predates this manifesto. Various lightweight software development methods, now known as Agile, were used in the early 1990s. For example, Scrum was first implemented in 1993, and Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM) was released in 1994. The unification of these under the Agile Manifesto was a pivotal moment in software development history.
Principles of Agile DevelopmentThe twelve principles of Agile Development that were outlined in the Agile Manifesto are crucial to understanding Agile. These principles emphasize customer satisfaction, welcome changing requirements, frequent delivery of working software, collaboration between business stakeholders and developers, support and trust in individuals, face-to-face communication, working software as a primary measure of progress, sustainable development, technical excellence, simplicity, self-organizing teams, and regular reflection for adjustment.
Agile Frameworks (Scrum, Kanban, etc.)There are various Agile frameworks that are adaptations of the Agile philosophy. The two most popular are Scrum and Kanban.
Benefits of Agile in Software DevelopmentAgile methodology brings numerous benefits to software development. It improves product quality by breaking the development process into manageable units, allowing for more focused development. According to the 14th State of Agile Report, 70% of the organizations have experienced improved team morale after implementing Agile. It provides greater customer satisfaction due to regular interaction and feedback. Agile offers increased collaboration and ownership among team members, accommodates changes efficiently, and ensures faster time to market.
Case Study: How Company X successfully implemented Agile MethodologySpotify, the Swedish music streaming giant, is a prime example of successful Agile implementation. Initially, Spotify used Scrum, but as they grew, they adapted it into what is known as the Spotify model. This model breaks down the company into squads, tribes, chapters, and guilds. Each squad is like a mini-startup and is responsible for a specific feature. Tribes are groups of squads that work in related areas. Chapters are competency areas, and guilds are interest-based groups. Through this model, Spotify has been able to maintain its agility despite being a large organization. They have been able to continuously deliver new features and adapt to the fast-changing music industry.
Introduction to DevOpsDevOps is an amalgamation of two critical components in software development - Development (Dev) and Operations (Ops). It is a set of practices, principles, and tools that improves collaboration and communication between software developers and IT operations teams. The primary objective of DevOps is to shorten the system development life cycle, enhance deployment frequency, and provide more dependable releases, in close alignment with business objectives. According to a study by Statista, in 2020, 74% of companies adopted DevOps to some degree, which is indicative of its growing relevance and impact.
The relationship between Development and OperationsHistorically, Development and Operations teams operated in silos. Developers focused on writing code and adding features, whereas Operations teams were concerned with stability and uptime. This often led to conflicts, especially when deploying new releases. DevOps bridges this gap by creating a culture where both teams work together throughout the software development life cycle. This collaborative approach ensures that software can be reliably released at any time and at a faster pace, addressing both the new features and the stability of the environment.
Key practices in DevOps
Tools for implementing DevOps (Jenkins, Docker, etc.)There is an array of tools that facilitate the implementation of DevOps.
Benefits of DevOps in streamlining software developmentDevOps significantly streamlines software development. The DORA State of DevOps Report indicates that high-performing DevOps teams have 208 times more frequent code deployments and 106 times faster lead time from commit to deploy. It enhances collaboration and eliminates silos. It ensures faster development cycles, which is crucial in the current market where demands change rapidly. DevOps also reduces failure rates of new releases and offers faster recovery in case an issue arises. This methodology provides a significant competitive edge by ensuring faster time-to-market without compromising quality.
Case Study: A closer look at Company Y’s transition to DevOpsOne of the companies that successfully transitioned to DevOps is Amazon. Before 2009, Amazon's development team faced various challenges, including slow release cycles. They adopted a modified version of DevOps and implemented AWS, their cloud service. They also re-architectured their applications using a microservices model. By doing so, they transformed their software delivery process. Today, Amazon deploys code every 11.7 seconds on average. This has not only accelerated their release cycles but also helped in scaling their services globally, maintaining high availability, and rapidly adapting to the market demands.
Introduction to ContainerizationContainerization is a lightweight alternative to full machine virtualization that involves encapsulating an application in a container with its own operating environment. This is a highly efficient means to deploy and run software reliably when moved between different computing environments. According to a report by Datadog, around 25% of companies have adopted Docker, a containerization tool, indicating the technology's significance in modern software development.
How Containers workContainers work by allowing multiple applications to share the same OS kernel while running in isolated user spaces. This is in contrast to virtual machines (VMs), which require an entire OS for each application. Containers include the application and all its dependencies, but share the kernel with other containers. They run as an isolated process and do not require any separate operating system. Due to this shared architecture, containers are more lightweight and start much faster than VMs.
Introduction to Microservices ArchitectureMicroservices Architecture is a design pattern where an application is structured as a collection of loosely coupled services. Instead of a monolithic design, where all functionalities are in a single codebase, microservices break it down into multiple components. Each component serves a specific functionality and can be developed, deployed, and scaled independently.
Breaking Monoliths into MicroservicesTransitioning from a monolithic architecture to microservices involves breaking down the application into smaller, more manageable pieces. Each microservice should have a single responsibility. Start by identifying the functionalities that are most isolated and can be decoupled with minimal dependencies. Implement APIs for communication between the services. This transition might be incremental, where parts of the monolith are slowly replaced by microservices.
Tools for Containerization (Docker, Kubernetes)
Benefits of Microservices and Containerization in Software Development
According to a study by Camunda, 63% of companies using microservices have experienced faster innovation.
Case Study: Company Z’s journey from Monolithic to Microservices ArchitectureNetflix is an exemplary case of transitioning from a monolithic architecture to a microservices architecture. As they moved from being a DVD rental service to a global streaming service, the scale at which they operated changed significantly. They needed a highly scalable, global infrastructure. They broke down their monolithic application into hundreds of microservices. Each of these microservices could be deployed independently and communicated with others through APIs. They also heavily used containerization to ensure that their global services could be deployed efficiently. This transition allowed Netflix to scale globally and handle the enormous traffic that it receives every day efficiently.
Similarities and differences between Agile, DevOps, and ContainerizationAgile, DevOps, and Containerization are three key approaches that have revolutionized the way software is developed and delivered. While they have distinct characteristics, they are complementary and can be used in tandem.
Agile doesn't dictate any specific technology practices, while DevOps is more about the cultural shift and may involve various technologies like continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD). Containerization specifically deals with the technology and tools to package and deploy services.
Situational analysis: When to use which approachWhen deciding between Agile, DevOps, and Containerization, it’s essential to consider the specific requirements and constraints of your project.
In many cases, these approaches are not mutually exclusive and can be combined. For instance, integrating DevOps into an Agile framework can help in achieving faster development cycles and better collaboration between development, QA, and operations teams. Meanwhile, using containerization can further streamline this process by ensuring consistency and isolating applications in a shared operating system.
In conclusion, the choice between Agile, DevOps, and Containerization or a combination thereof should be guided by your project requirements, team capacities, and long-term goals.
In this extensive analysis of the approaches reshaping software development, we have examined the Agile Methodology, DevOps Integration, and Containerization with Microservices Architecture. These methodologies and technological advancements have significantly contributed to the evolution of software development practices.
Impact on the Software Development LandscapeThese approaches have made a remarkable impact on the software development landscape. Agile has introduced flexibility and adaptability to the development process. DevOps, on the other hand, has bridged the gap between development and operations, ensuring more streamlined and efficient development pipelines. Containerization has revolutionized the way applications are packaged and deployed, particularly in a microservices architecture. The combination of these approaches has given birth to more resilient, scalable, and high-performing applications. According to a report by Markets and Markets, the global DevOps market size is expected to grow from USD 3.4 billion in 2018 to USD 10.3 billion by 2023, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 24.7% during the forecast period, showcasing the significant impact these approaches have.
Looking to the FutureAs we look towards the future of software development, it is clear that these approaches will continue to evolve and possibly converge even further. Continuous innovation in these domains is crucial for tackling the ever-increasing complexity of modern applications. Technologies like AI and machine learning are beginning to play a role in automating and enhancing these approaches.
Final TakeawayIn conclusion, Agile, DevOps, and Containerization are not just trends but have become integral parts of the software development lifecycle. The ultimate choice between them or a hybrid approach should be dictated by the specific needs and constraints of the project. However, embracing these methodologies and continuously evolving with them is essential for organizations to stay competitive in the rapidly changing technological landscape.
As we wrap up, it is vital to recognize that the software development domain will never remain static. The continuous quest for efficiency, reliability, and performance will always drive innovation. Staying informed and adaptable is key, and the insights provided in this article aim to equip you with the knowledge to make informed decisions in your software development endeavors.
References
In this comprehensive article, we explored the approaches that are reshaping software development, delving into Agile Methodology, DevOps Integration, and Containerization with Microservices Architecture. For those who wish to explore these topics in more depth, or to verify the data and insights shared, this section provides a list of the sources consulted in the creation of this article.
Agile Methodology
DevOps Integration3. The Phoenix Project by Gene Kim, Kevin Behr, and George Spafford. This book is widely regarded as the seminal text for understanding DevOps culture, principles, and practices.
Containerization and Microservices Architecture5. Docker Overview. For detailed insights into the working of containers and Docker's role in containerization, Docker’s official documentation is an invaluable resource. Docker Documentation.
Market Growth7. DevOps Market - Global Forecast to 2023. This market research report by Markets and Markets provides detailed market analysis, forecasts, and trends related to the DevOps industry. Markets and Markets Report.
Container Orchestration8. Datadog: Containers Adoption. This page offers insights into container and orchestration adoption among companies. Datadog Containers Adoption.
These references are important sources of information that back the data and insights shared in this article. Whether you are an industry professional, a researcher, or someone new to software development approaches, these resources offer a wealth of information to further your understanding.
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